07 Aug '95

Here is a personal interpretation of some of the teachings of Scientology. I would be very interested to know if any of these ideas are original to Scientology, or plunder on a grand scale. Perhaps someone knows the true 'source' if, in fact, they are not unique to L. Ron Hubbard. I also include some experiences from my years in the 'church' which I hope you find interesting. Please excuse the use of abbreviations and acronyms, however these terms are commonly used in Scientology and it may help to know a few of them.

References used in this essay:

HCOB. Hubbard Communications Office Bulletin. These are individually dated technical issues.

Tech. Vol.xx, P.XXX. The technical volumes which contain the HCOB's. P. indicates Page.

SHSBC-XXX. Saint Hill Special Briefing Course, lecture cassette tape number XXX.

Brief Overview.

In the late 1940s Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (L.Ron Hubbard) (LRH), who had written some fiction and science fiction stories in the decade before, left the US Navy and wrote a book called 'Dianetics, The Modern Science of Mental Health' (DMSMH, known as Book 1). This was published and gained an immediate following. Dianetics centres were set up around the United States and people began 'auditing' each other. Auditing is the termed used to describe the time where two people sit (usually) in a room and the auditor asks pre-determined questions (processes) of the other until the desired outcome is reached. [Called the End Phenomenon (EP).]

Hubbard lost the rights to Dianetics in the early 1950s and began a movement which he called Scientology. This was later registered as a religion and stands as such today in a number of countries. In the mid 1950s he regained the rights to Dianetics and incorporated its techniques into his Scientology processes. He said "Dianetics addresses the body. Scientology addresses the spirit." (Ref: HCOB 22 April 1969)

The fundamental concept behind both Dianetics and Scientology processing is that the mind stores incidents (as images) in a series of related chains. If something is troubling a person it is because a similar upsetting incident has previously occurred to that person. If you find the earlier incident (which has been lost to the conscious mind) and get the person to look at it, then this can eliminate the problem. If this doesn't work then there is an earlier incident and so on. The earliest incident is called 'basic on the chain'. The EP would be that the person is no longer troubled by the incident.

The EP of Dianetics is the 'Clear'. The person has no more incidents in the past to affect him or her in the present. This is supposed to produce a completely rational human being. Scientology goes on past this point (although there are many Scientology processes before the clear state is reached) and deals with the liberation of the spirit (called OT levels). It is after clear that the entire concept changes and the processes bear no resemblance to the principle explained above.

In 1967, to develop and deliver the OT levels, Hubbard set up the Sea Organisation (S.O.). This is a Scientology organisation run along navy lines with officers and other ranks who sign a billion year contract to serve Hubbard and Scientology. Here lies the real power and wealth of the 'church' and it is commanded at present by its CEO David Miscavige who holds the Scientology rank of Captain.

Hubbard was born in 1911, married three times and officially died on January 24, 1986.

A BROAD VIEW.

1. Man consists of three parts.

· MIND : Scientologists believe that this has nothing to do with the brain, which is merely a sort of switchboard for the thetan to communicate with the body. They are taught that the mind is simply a collection of pictures (facsimiles) which are carried around by the Thetan. These pictures when they are accessible to the thetan, form the analytical mind. When the pictures are hidden from the thetan, they can have an unpredictable effect both mentally, emotionally and physically; this is called the reactive mind.

· BODY : The Thetan is, in a sense, trapped in the body. It escapes on the death of the body and is then forced to return to earth to pick up another body. Scientology is trying to free the Thetan from this never ending cycle.

2. Man is basically good. Irrational thought and behaviour along with evil, exist only because of the effects of the reactive mind.

3. Removing the reactive mind pictures makes the person sane.

· To remove the reactive mind, the practitioner (called an Auditor), simply gets the PC to talk his way through whatever incident has been blocked from his conscious thought. Auditors use an E-Meter to help the PC find these incidents.

· The E-Meter is a piece of equipment that measures the resistance in a body. The theory is that the pictures in the mind have a certain amount of mass and electrical charge, as the person looks at a picture it causes the mass to come closer to the body and so increases the overall resistance associated with the body. The person keeps looking at the picture and eventually s/he can see it all at which time the mass disperses and discharges (which is indicated on the meter) and it cannot cause any more unfavourable effects.

· This was the basis of Dianetics which Hubbard devised in the late 1940's.

· Hubbard lost the rights to Dianetics in the Early 1950's and had to change tack. He devised a whole encyclopaedia of processes to help people get to clear and beyond, and began his new religion called Scientology.

· He eventually regained control of Dianetics and developed New Era Dianetics (NED) to run in conjunction with Scientology.

4. The spirit has degenerated into something that is trapped in a body and, in fact, thinks it is a body.

· The path is called the Bridge to total freedom. This is a multi-level chart of considerable length and expense. The Bridge is two sided, 'processing' and 'training', and to really be successful, it is said, one must walk up both sides. This then requires years of processing (Auditing) and even more years of training (to be an auditor and to help one to handle life).

5. The world contains three types of people.

· POTENTIAL TROUBLE SOURCES (PTS). People who are closely associated with SP's can be made to feel worthless and are often ill. However there is an even more noticeable side-effect of this relationship, the PTS person can take on the attributes of the SP and can cause considerable trouble for others (mainly Scientology). If, in the company of a particular person, one makes mistakes, acts stupidly, feels inferior or becomes ill, then one is said to be PTS to that individual. This can be due to the fact that the individual is an SP or reminds the PTS person of a past SP. Being PTS to a family member will require action to handle it, which might mean separation from family. These PTS's make up a further 17.5% of the population.

· AVERAGE PERSON (Not a Scientology term). Those who do not fall into the above two categories. Which is 80% of the population. However anyone can become PTS to certain people or groups. The average person needs help in life and they are the ones for which Scientology is meant. The disparaging term for those who are not scientologists is Wogs. These people are considered to be not trying .

6. There are three states of existence.

· NOT-ISNESS. This is a state which is denial of the truth. An attempt to remove an unwanted state by not looking at it.

· AS-ISNESS. This is a state where existence is viewed exactly as it is, with no lies, at which time it ceases to exist. This is the underlying theory behind the workability of Dianetics and Scientology. When you look at something, exactly as it is, it ceases to exist and can no longer effect you. (You AS-IS it). In theory, the whole physical universe could be as-ised.

7. People have a chronic emotional state (Tone) which lies somewhere on the Scientology Tone Scale.

· The tones range through body death, apathy, grief, fear, covert hostility, anger, antagonism, boredom, mild interest, conservatism, enthusiasm etc. Tone 0 (zero) to Tone 40. Each has been given an arbitrary number. A person in a particular tone acts in a predictable manner. If you are able to spot their tone you can predict their actions. You can use this to communicate with someone, all you need to know is that people are unable to communicate at a tone far above their own level. Spot their tone and adopt a tone a little above that in order to communicate.

· Covert hostility is given the arbitrary number 1.1 (one point one) and any one who is being sarcastic is described as being 1.1. It a sort of concealed hatred, supposedly not 'uptoned' enough to show hatred.

· People travel the tone scale experiencing each and every emotion in its turn (even if only for a few seconds). For example, a person moving (because of some external effect) from conservatism to apathy will spend some time at each of the levels between these two.

· People move up and down these tones constantly, but everyone has a level where they are to be found on most occasions. This is their chronic tone level and Scientology auditing and training is said to have the effect of raising the person on the tone scale. (Thus increasing their ability to communicate and their general well being.)

People can be temporarily brought 'up tone' by the simple action of observing their tone level and addressing them at a slightly higher level. An example can be shown in dealing with a fearful person. If you address them at a level of apathy, they will probably join you at that level (get worse). However if you address them using anger they will most likely become angry themselves, which is a higher tone than fear and therefore makes them more able to handle their situation. Anger, of course is not a particularly workable tone level but this is an example only.

8. People are critical of others because of what they have done to those others.

· Conventional thought is that Jim dislikes Bill because Bill is an idiot or has done something to Jim.

· Scientology teaches that the opposite is true. Jim dislikes Bill because of what Jim has done to Bill.

· It is known as the Overt-Motivator sequence. It goes something like this, Jim does something hurtful (an overt) to Bill. Having committed the overt, Jim has to justify it (make it okay).

· Jim will belittle Bill in the eyes of others to make him seem worthless. He will then be convinced, when Bill eventually does something (the motivator), that he deserved the overt as some sort of retribution. This gives approval to continue to commit overts on Bill. [Ie. People who dislike you have done something to you.]

· A person who commits an overt will keep it quiet (withhold it). He or she is said to have a withhold. Withholds cause people to individuate (separate away from the group).

· This is bad enough. But when a third person does or says something that makes the person wonder whether or not they know about the withhold, then it becomes the very dangerous 'missed withhold'. Missed withholds may cause the person to become irrational or even psychotic.

· To be overly critical of something indicates overts against that thing. I well remember an incident which happened to me at an Org many years ago it is an indication of how the 'tech' can be misused. I had paid some money for a service or something and a few weeks later I was approached by the Executive Director (ED) of the org asking me if I had paid the sum or not. I stated that I had and made the point that if someone pays for something, the org should be sure to record the fact. The ED immediately went on the attack and said that I was being critical (thus accusing me of having overts against the org.). This is just one instance of how incompetence can be justified and how true is the old maxim 'a little knowledge can be dangerous'. Fortunately I knew of a Hubbard reference that didn't condemn all criticism (Ref: Tech. Vol. V, P.285) . Fighting 'tech' with 'tech' can help you survive in Scientology.

· Motivator is also used to explain the cause of mishaps. For example if something goes wrong then you have done something (the motivator) to cause it. (Pulled it in.).

· A point that may be of interest to those on the Internet who are becoming a problem for Scientology, ars for instance, Hubbard said "One cannot have a problem without overts and withholds against the people involved in it." (Ref: Tech. Vol. VI, P.342). I wonder what they have done to you? Well I'm sure you could tell me and that is Scientology's motivator.

Ethics

· A quote from the excellent book 'L.Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman' by Corydon and Hubbard Jr., succinctly spells out the thinking of the 'church'. "To be a critic of the church or its founder is to be insane. Simple as that."

· An auditor trained in 'security checking' can give the person an HCO confessional, which is an ethics action in an auditing session. Under normal conditions an auditing session is 'confidential', however anything divulged in an HCO confessional can be used in evidence against the person.

· Since Scientology is thought to be the only true hope for the individual, anyone who is opposed to it must have committed overts against it and will not be able to function as a true Scientologist until they have been honest and admitted to all of their overts.

· People leaving Scientology without doing this are said to blow (Leave unexpectedly). They are given a short period in which to return, after which if they remain disaffected, they are branded as SP's. This carries with it the loss of all rights and if they then attack the 'church', by suing, going to the press or any other way, they are considered 'fair game' for any retribution.

9. People set up automatic mental processes (Circuits) to carry out actions that they find tedious or difficult.

· These can be very useful, but if the circuit is based on some reactive mind information, it can be dangerous, absurd and actually insane.

· One type of circuit is set up so as to make others wrong and justify the actions of the person. This is called a Service Facsimile and is based on a thought, such as 'I know best'. It allows the person to do or say things without having to examine the truth, which if done may prove the person to be wrong.

· Being wrong is seen as a non-survival action and since Hubbard decreed that 'Survival' was the basis of our existence, these circuits are designed to help us survive. Unfortunately, since they are based on an insane thought, they can have the opposite effect.

10. Understanding consists of Affinity(affection), Reality(agreement) and Communication.

· Identifying the outpoint can clear away the upset.

· Friendliness greeted by no answer is an indication of an ARC break.

· For an ARC break to occur there must have been ARC (friendship/understanding) in the first place.

· Increasing one will increase the others. Eg. Increasing Communication will increase Affinity and Reality (Thereby increasing understanding.). Conversely decreasing one will decrease the others.

11. Communication has a formula.

· If a person has no attention on the source of the information or has no intention of receiving it then that person is not able (or doesn't wish to) duplicate the message. The message can, under these circumstances, be misduplicated and so misunderstood or not arrive at all.

· A communication particle can be a thought or an object. (Throwing a ball to someone is a form of communication.).

· Hubbard considered communication to be the most powerful force in dealing with the reactive mind. "Increasing communication with the aberration will eventually handle it." (Ref: Tech. Vol. VII, P.298).

12. Psychotics.

· Psychosis and neurosis are caused by too much restimulation from the environment, so anything which reduces the restimulation is effective.

· Rest, isolation from the former environment, mild exercise and the provision of a safe environment are the first treatments.

· Only after the psychotic realises that you are safe can you begin simple auditing.

· Simply saying "Come up to present time" can sometimes bring a psychotic out of the incident.

13. Accidents and assists.

· There are a number of assists. The Touch Assist sees the auditor touching, over and over again, various parts of the PC's body. The Nerve Assist is a massage like action and the Contact Assist gets the person to touch the hurt body part against the object that caused the damage.

· There are also numerous subjective processes designed to help with accidents and to increase the thetan's communication with the body part. They also serve to bring the PC out of the incident and into PT.

14 The Dynamics.

4. Mankind. 5. Animals and plants. 6. Physical universe. 7. Spirit. 8. God.

· It is the desire to survive as or through these dynamics that is the driving force of the thetan.

· The eighth dynamic (also known as infinity) is not addressed by Scientology. In fact Hubbard did not believe in the existence of God, he proclaimed '...prayers going up to a myth...'. (Ref: Taped lecture: Scientology and effective knowledge.)

· An example: If a Scientologist is having an affair with another, he or she is said to be 'out 2D'. Meaning that the second dynamic is not as it should be. This is usually handled in Ethics section and it can lead to an SO member being severely punished.

· A person can be aberrated (deviation from what is usual) on any or all dynamics. So to be truly sane one must be sane on all dynamics.

15. Study tech.

· People who have passed a misunderstood word (MU) will show telltale signs. They may become sleepy, disinterested, or irritable and will not understand the paragraphs written after the MU.

· Those who were on the Sea Org ship at the time that Hubbard 'discovered' study technology say that he was extremely excited about this 'breakthrough'. My thinking is that he was excited because he had actually found something that may have been of some use.

· There seems to be some real value to this, but unfortunately like most other things in Scientology it has been developed to such an absurd degree and has become so all consuming as to be almost unworkable.

· When he said that 'the only reason a person gives up a course of study is that he has gone past misunderstood words...', (Ref: Student Hat), he took an interesting idea into the realms of absurdity.

The 'Tech'

· Despite the fact that he said "If you follow too closely any rules, it becomes a simple Simon idiocy." (Ref: Tech. Vol. VI, P.608), he demanded that Scientologists do just that.

· This causes some of the most horrific arguments when people interpret the tech in different ways. No-one is allowed to tell anyone else what the tech means (called verbal tech), so each person reads it from their own viewpoint. A lot of the tech is taken word for word from Hubbard's lectures, where he would talk on a subject for 40 minutes or so and was seen to contradict himself on a number of occasions, no editing was allowed and so the contradictions stand.

· An auditor may read and drill a particular auditing process and then go into session and use it on a pre-clear. Afterwards, the session is written up and checked over by a case supervisor (C/S). If the case supervisor believes that the auditor ran the process incorrectly, the auditor will be sent to re-study the appropriate bulletins on the process. If this is not the first time, the auditor may be forced to restudy the entire course.

· Where two bulletins contradict, many people will simply accept what the case supervisor says and do it in a way that satisfies the C/S. This is fine until the auditor gets a different C/S who interprets the procedure the original way and gets the auditor to again restudy it. I have seen auditors who are trying their best, weeping in frustration over this on a number of occasions.

Some basics.

· Auditing heightens a person's awareness by taking charge off a subject.

· If the PC is stuck in an incident he cannot look at it. He has to be able to step away before he can look at it and so as-is it.

· If you blame someone for something, you elect them to cause. To be in control you must be at cause.

· When the thetan fears hurting others, he or she will then have an unwillingness to do something bad which evolves into an unwillingness to do anything at all. This can mean total withdrawal.

· Present time problems (PTPs) are caused by an incomplete communication.

· An overt is committed as a solution to some problem. Before the problem is a confusion. To discharge the situation the auditor must find the prior confusion.

· Justifications (excuses which give approval to an overt) are what bind and suspend an overt. Responsibility is assigning the correct authorship, in other words accepting that you committed the overt is to take responsibility for it.

· A thetan is trapped by his or her overts.

· Nothing and no-one can really hurt a thetan. The thetan holds in his or her own aberrations. Since the thetan is the cause of the aberration, looking at it exactly as it is, will as-is it (make it disappear).

· Increasing communication with the aberration will eventually handle it.

· The thetan's attention is fixed on what he or she cannot do. Shifting attention to what he or she can do, validates abilities and tends to release him or her out of an incident (Key out.).

· The early processes, collectively called 'objectives' are designed to make the auditor, the universe and present time, real to the PC. Whilst they are being run, circuits will blow off (discharge).

· As you put order into a situation, confusion will appear (and blow off) and at this time you must put in more order. Eventually you will prevail.

· One becomes that to which he or she assigns responsibility too often and too long. A person can actually assume the identity of a person that he or she has despised and take on the characteristics of that person (change valence).

The OT levels.

· OT I through OT VIII are said to be negative gain levels. That is they are removing the things that limit the persons OT abilities.

· OT IX and above are known as positive gain levels and are assumed to increase the OT abilities of the individual. None of these look like being released for a long time.

· It is the materials of the OT levels which cause the most upset within and without the 'church'. Scientology lawyers are quick to act in any case where these materials are presented for public scrutiny. Most non-Scientologists, when first reading this gibberish are incredulous and cannot understand how anyone could believe it has veracity. In my opinion, it is this reaction which worries the 'church', not the breaking of copyright. After all, who is going to pay thousands of dollars for information they can get freely from Time Magazine or the Internet and which they are not impressed with at any rate.

Initial attraction.

· Scientology differs from most accepted religions in that it proclaims that human beings can become God-like. In fact it teaches that we were all powerful (but stupid) at some time in the past and Scientology is just helping to get us back to that state. This is very attractive to a lot of people for a lot of reasons. Consider the person who is in great fear of death, being told that at some point in processing you will leave the body (exteriorise) and so prove that you are a spirit and will survive body death, can be a great comfort to them.

· Some who join are 'searchers'; they have been looking for answers all their lives. These people have tried orthodox religion, meditation, drugs, hypnotism, other cults and anything that might help them to understand what life is all about and what happens at death. They are looking for answers and usually have no intention of becoming 'attached' to Scientology, but it happens nevertheless. (Sans the drugs, this is me.)

· Greed also plays its part. Some celebrities and those who have been nurtured to the point of arrogance and who come to believe in their divine right to receive everything that they desire, are of course reassured by the teachings. (They probably already think that they are God or at least God-like.) Some people join, thinking that this is a great scam and they want to be in on it. Also the 'church' staff are well trained in handling people who wish to leave and they are also trained in hard sell tactics, which goes a long way to explain the 'church's' vast wealth. Members are warned of the dire consequences of leaving the "church'; once aboard you MUST go the whole route. This can be very intimidating.

· An effort is made in initial interviews to find the newcomers' 'Ruin', which is the matter, about which the person is most concerned in life. Whatever it may be, it is pointed out that Scientology can help to resolve the problem. Scientology has the answer and it is put forward as the only way out of the situation.

· Hubbard also made a statement that '...mystery sticks a thetan...'. (Cannot recall reference). This means that people will hang around due to curiosity to find out what is coming up next. So of course members often talk about the OT levels (which are confidential) and are willing to do anything asked of them, so as to not jeopardise the chance of getting their OT levels. They 'know', of course, that they have to wait and do it properly or it could kill them; people have been on staff for 20 years and not even made it to clear! This of course assumes that there is such a state. Hubbard said that "Book 1 clear is a 'this lifetime' clear" (Ref: SHSBC-121), which infers that to be really clear one has to look all the way back through past existences (called going whole track).

Disaffected Scientologists.

Many of the teachings (especially up to clear) seem to contain a lot of commonsense and are useful in helping to understand why people react in the ways that they do.

It was, after all, these ideas which attracted them to Scientology in the first place. However, many found the attitude of their fellow Scientologists to be stifling of originality and producing very depressing and unpleasant working conditions.

This is not restricted to scientologists who have joined staff, but they are the ones who have most often experienced at first hand, the offensive and bad tempered treatment handed out by the senior ranks. These are the ones who have worked for 16 hours a day, seven days a week, survived on beans and rice and slept in dingy dormitories for a few precious hours a day. Even after showing this dedication they are treated as less than animals. If one were to pick a tone scale emotion for most Sea Org staff it would have to be 'anger'; if you have ever worked with angry people you may have some idea of the conditions experienced by Scientology staff members. (Some former members have left and formed their own similar organisations. They are given the term 'squirrels' and are a target of Scientologists).

Many former sea org and class V org staff (the small orgs in cities and towns) are confused as to how a so-called 'sane' group of people could act with such arrogance and belittling anger. (Perhaps the Organisation has been almost completely infiltrated by SP's or maybe the overts and withholds of this group are so numerous as to be un-confrontable.

Poor food and lack of sleep obviously play a part in this and it is fascinating to read Hubbard's booklet 'The way to happiness' if just to note how much of its philosophy is denied to Sea Org members. As well though a large amount of vitriol is leveled at non-scientologists. Even the finest individuals are considered 'wogs' who are 'not even trying'. One is tempted to use the 'tech' of the overt-motivator to ask 'What have you done to non-scientologists?'. Or of Hubbard himself "What have you done to a psychiatrist?". (Ref: SHSBC-117). Of course, the answer is there for all to see and is put forward clearly in a number of books written about scientology by former and non-scientologists. A bibliography can be found at the end of this essay.

To the public Scientologist (non staff member), who may find the study demanding and the constant sales pitch for money an irritation, the general feeling is that it is an interesting and enlightening subject. No-one believes they are joining a cult and they feel, almost universally, that this is a misunderstood group of people, simply trying to better conditions for everyone on the planet. In the early days a new member is sheltered from the reality of what occurs behind the scenes and even long time scientologists often have little understanding of the outrageous conditions endured by the sea org crew member.

Because of this, many scientologists tell glowing stories of the church and what it achieves, although if asked about its public support services, they would be hard pressed to think of any. What scientology does, it does for scientology and its motivation seems to come more from the desire to accumulate wealth and protect itself, than the more often quoted and comfortable 'Clear the planet' purpose.

So called 'Success Stories' exist in the thousands. These are written by Scientologists after an auditing session or course of study and are actually required, before the person can move on to the next level of auditing or begin another Scientology course. They are written at a time when the person is feeling good (usually) and can appear to be an unwavering endorsement for the effectiveness of the 'tech'. In effect they prove nothing; an unsolicited 'Success Story' may have some merit but a compulsory one simply means that the person did what he or she was told. (Was at effect.)

I believe that the effects of auditing are not lasting. A bit like taking a drug, feeling good for a while, returning to normal (or worse) and requiring another fix to feel good again. Hubbard explained this as the effect of being PTS, and is not how auditing should be. However that is very convenient for Scientology and not proved to my satisfaction. The consequence of this is that people have to keep coming back for more 'cleanups' as well as continuing up the bridge as far as their money (often borrowed) can take them.

The paranoia which sweeps through orgs is something to be seen and at some time every Scientologist will experience the wrath of those convinced that they are trying to destroy the 'church'. At these times even the 'tech' will not protect you.

A person who is accused of being an SP will not receive any support from his or her 'friends', regardless of prior record, and can be the subject of the most humiliating treatment. The highest trained technical Scientologists (Class XII auditors) can be stripped of their certificates and forced to re-train on all of the levels, all in the name of Keeping Scientology Working. Officers and NCO's are regularly 'busted' in rank and the most dedicated can spend time in the Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF), which separates family members and can be inhuman in its degradation. Interestingly, Hubbard said that it is suppressive people who are paranoid. (Ref: SHSBC-430).

This treatment engenders suspicion and certainly doesn't contribute to a happy, smooth running organisation. On the contrary no-one trusts anyone else; if you share a thought or feeling with another, you are liable to find that you are asked to explain a 'knowledge report' which has been written up about your indiscretion. It really smacks of the Hitler youth group and the Chinese Red Brigade.

One old-time Scientologist once said to me that Scientology can offer something that nothing else can, it can offer happiness. I look back on this and chuckle, because I can honestly say that I am far happier, now that I have left the 'church', than I ever was whilst in it.

When I accepted the fact that it was over and that Scientology really could offer me nothing, I was able to get on with life. At 42, I had to rebuild from scratch because I had lost my home, savings and superannuation, but the fact is, I was able to. Contrary to what the 'church' teaches, people who leave can survive and do so...Mind you we are usually much wiser.

So don't bother to come around trying to sell us a bridge (real or imagined), I can assure you that you will be given short shrift.

The Author.

Scientology associations.

· World Institute of Scientology Enterprises. (WISE). Approaches business community.

· Narconon. Drug rehabilitation centres.

· Criminon. Prisoner rehabilitation.

· Applied Scholastics. Schools and Education programs.

Further reading.

Bare-faced Messiah: The true story of L.Ron Hubbard: /Russell Miller, London: Joseph, 1987.

Religion inc.: The Church of Scientology: / Stewart Lamont, London : Harrap, 1986.

A piece of blue sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard exposed: / Jon Atack, N.Y., N.J.: Carol, 1990

Cult controversies: The societal response to new religions: /James A Beckford, London, N.Y. : Tavistock, 1985.

Enquiry into the practice and effects of Scientology: report / Sir John G. Foster, London : H.M.S.O, 1971.